Why it hurts
What causes a toothache?
Inside every tooth is the pulp, a small bundle of nerves and blood vessels. When something irritates it, you feel it. The most common triggers we see are:
- Tooth decay. Plaque bacteria turn sugar into acid, which slowly dissolves enamel. Once the hole reaches the softer dentine underneath, hot, cold and sweet things start to sting.
- A crack or chip. A cracked tooth often hurts sharply when you bite and release. A chipped tooth or lost filling can leave the inner layer exposed.
- Tooth infection or abscess. If decay or a crack lets bacteria reach the nerve, an infection can form at the tip of the root. This is the throbbing, keep-you-awake kind of pain.
- Gum disease. Inflamed gums and exposed roots can ache and feel tender when you brush.
- Wisdom teeth. A partly erupted wisdom tooth traps food and the gum over it can become swollen and sore.
Sometimes pain comes from somewhere else entirely, such as sinus congestion or a clenched jaw, which is why an examination matters.








