Where it starts
What causes persistent bad breath?
Most bad breath begins in the mouth. Bacteria break down food particles and proteins and give off sulphur compounds with a strong smell. The places they collect most are the ones you cannot easily see or reach:
- Gum disease. Pockets between gums and teeth trap bacteria where a toothbrush cannot get to them. Bad breath that returns soon after brushing is a common sign.
- A coated tongue. The back of the tongue holds a film of bacteria and debris, often seen as a white or yellow coating.
- Tooth decay and old dental work. Cavities, cracked fillings and crowns with gaps at the edges trap food and plaque.
- Dentures and plates that are not cleaned thoroughly every day.
- Dry mouth, which lets bacteria multiply (more on this below).
- Food and habits such as garlic, onion, spices, coffee, alcohol and smoking.
Less often, bad breath is linked to health problems outside the mouth, such as sinus or throat infections, reflux, diabetes, or liver and kidney conditions. If we cannot find a dental cause, we will suggest you see your GP.






